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1.
Med. infant ; 30(4): 346-357, Diciembre 2023. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, UNISALUD, BINACIS | ID: biblio-1524214

ABSTRACT

La Atención farmacéutica (AF) ayuda a los pacientes a alcanzar objetivos terapéuticos reduciendo los problemas relacionados al medicamento (PRM). Objetivos: analizar los PRM en la práctica de la AF a pacientes con inmunodeficiencia adquirida (IDA) y/o tuberculosis (TBC) y evaluar su impacto. Método: estudio, descriptivo, observacional, en el área ambulatoria de Farmacia. Se incluyeron pacientes con IDA y/o TBC con: inicio de tratamiento, polifarmacia, reinternaciones frecuentes, regular/mala adherencia, reacciones adversas a medicamentos (RAM) previas y/o comorbilidades. Se entrevistaron pacientes o cuidadores y se registraron PRM, errores, grados de adherencia y conocimiento farmacoterapéutico, retiro oportuno de medicamentos y parámetros clínicos. Se registró la intervención farmacéutica y entregó material educativo. Se repitieron las mediciones en una segunda entrevista. Resultados: Se estudiaron 54 pacientes (28 con IDA y 26 con TBC). Se realizaron 93 intervenciones (29.9% dirigidas al prescriptor, 27.8% a otros profesionales) y se detectaron 8 RAM y 53 errores (28 IDA y 25 TBC), el principal PRM fue la mala/regular adherencia con bajo porcentaje de conocimiento farmacoterapéutico completo. Después de la AF, en IDA el grado de adherencia tuvo una mejora estadísticamente significativa (p= 0.012), también fue significativa la mejora en el retiro oportuno de la medicación (28.6% a 71.4% p=0.005 IDA). Se obtuvieron resultados favorables de carga viral (CV) en 72% pacientes con IDA y aumento de peso en 92% pacientes con TBC, aunque no fueron estadísticamente significativos. Conclusiones: mediante AF se mejoró la adherencia y la comunicación en pacientes pediátricos con IDA y/o TBC (AU)


Pharmacovigilance (PV) helps patients achieve therapeutic goals by reducing drug-related problems (DRP). Objectives: to analyze DRPs in the practice of PV in patients with acquired immunodeficiency (AIDS) and/or tuberculosis (TB) and to evaluate its impact. Methods: A descriptive, observational study was conducted in the outpatient pharmacy area. Patients with AIDS and/or TB with: treatment initiation, polypharmacy, frequent readmissions, regular/poor adherence, previous adverse drug reactions (ADR) and/or comorbidities were included. Patients or caregivers were interviewed, and DRP, errors, adherence and pharmacotherapeutic knowledge, timely drug withdrawal, and clinical parameters were recorded. The pharmaceutical intervention was recorded and educational material was delivered. Measurements were repeated in a second interview. Results: We studied 54 patients (28 with AIDS and 26 with TB). Ninety-three interventions were performed (29.9% addressed to the drug prescriber, 27.8% to other professionals) and 8 ADRs and 53 errors were detected (28 AIDS and 25 TB). The main DRP was poor/regular adherence together with a low level of complete pharmacotherapeutic knowledge. After PV, in patients with AIDS the degree of adherence statistically significantly improved (p= 0.012). The improvement in timely medication withdrawal was also significant (28.6% vs. 71.4% p=0.005 AID). Favorable viral load results were obtained in 72% of patients with AIDS and weight gain in 92% of patients with TB, although they were not statistically significant. Conclusions: PV improved adherence and communication in pediatric patients with AIDS and/or TB (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Outpatient Clinics, Hospital , Tuberculosis/drug therapy , Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/drug therapy , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions , Pharmacovigilance , Treatment Adherence and Compliance , Hospitals, Pediatric , Medication Errors , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Interview
2.
Arch. argent. pediatr ; 121(4): e202202813, ago. 2023. mapas, graf, tab
Article in English, Spanish | LILACS, BINACIS | ID: biblio-1442590

ABSTRACT

Introducción. La tuberculosis continúa siendo un problema frecuente en contextos de vulnerabilidad socioeconómica. El objetivo principal fue establecer la prevalencia de infección latente y viraje tuberculínico en contactos escolares de casos de tuberculosis. Población y métodos. En un área programática del sur de la ciudad, se evaluó la prevalencia de infección y viraje tuberculínico de 691 niñas, niños y adolescentes utilizando la prueba cutánea de tuberculina. Se investigó la asociación entre pérdida de seguimiento por parte del equipo de salud y características demográficas, escolares y asistencia inicial, y se describió el grado de adherencia cuando la quimioprofilaxis con isoniacida fue indicada. Resultados. Según las definiciones consideradas, la prevalencia de infección latente fue entre el 3,4 % (IC95 %: 2,3-5,2) y el 11,6 % (IC95 %: 9,3-14,4) de los 610 contactos con al menos una prueba cutánea aplicada. La incidencia de viraje tuberculínico se encontró entre el 0,3 % y el 6,8 % de los 294 evaluados. La edad mayor de 18 años, la mayor prevalencia de necesidades básicas insatisfechas en la comuna escolar, la pertenencia al turno escolar vespertino, la negatividad en la baciloscopia del caso índice y la ausencia de aplicación de la prueba cutánea inicial se asociaron con pérdida de seguimiento del contacto. Conclusiones. La incidencia de viraje tuberculínico en contactos escolares fue baja. La adherencia a isoniacida continúa siendo limitada. Se identificaron factores asociados con la pérdida de seguimiento de contactos que podrían orientar estrategias necesarias para mejorar este proceso.


Introduction. Tuberculosis continues to be a common problem in settings of socioeconomic vulnerability. Our primary objective was to establish the prevalence of latent infection and tuberculin conversion among school contacts of tuberculosis cases. Population and methods. In a programmatic area in the south of the City of Buenos Aires, the prevalence of latent infection and tuberculin conversion was assessed in 691 children and adolescents using the tuberculin skin test. The association between loss to follow-up by the health care team and the demographic, school, and baseline care characteristics was studied, and the level of adherence when isoniazid chemoprophylaxis was indicated was described. Results. According to established definitions, the prevalence of latent infection was between 3.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.3­5.2) and 11.6% (95% CI: 9.3­14.4) in the 610 contacts with at least one skin test. The incidence of tuberculin conversion was between 0.3% and 6.8% in the 294 assessed participants. Age older than 18 years, a higher prevalence of unmet basic needs in the school district, attending the afternoon school shift, negative sputum smear results in the index case, and absence of baseline skin test were associated with contact lost to follow-up. Conclusions. The incidence of tuberculin conversion among school contacts was low. Adherence to isoniazid treatment remains limited. Factors associated with loss of contact tracing were identified, which may guide strategies necessary to improve this process.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Adolescent , Tuberculosis/drug therapy , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/drug therapy , Latent Tuberculosis/diagnosis , Latent Tuberculosis/drug therapy , Latent Tuberculosis/epidemiology , Tuberculin , Tuberculin Test , Incidence , Prevalence , Isoniazid/therapeutic use
3.
Rio de Janeiro; SES/RJ; 03/03/2023. 54 p.
Non-conventional in Portuguese | LILACS, SES-RJ | ID: biblio-1419115

ABSTRACT

Esta cartilha é resultado de um processo de construção participativa de material educativo entre educadores e lideranças comunitárias do Fórum TB/RJ e profissionais de saúde.


Subject(s)
Tuberculosis/diagnosis , Tuberculosis/prevention & control , Tuberculosis/drug therapy , Tuberculosis/transmission , Tuberculosis/epidemiology , Unified Health System , Health Surveillance/classification
4.
Neumol. pediátr. (En línea) ; 18(1): 16-18, 2023. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1442725

ABSTRACT

Recientemente se publicó la actualización de la norma técnica del programa para control y eliminación de la Tuberculosis (PROCET). En lo que se refiere al tratamiento de la Tuberculosis (TB) sensible en niños, el esquema depende de la situación clínica del paciente, pero el tiempo de tratamiento es de 6 meses en todos los tipos de TB, exceptuando algunas situaciones especiales como en la meningitis o en coinfección con VIH. Posteriormente se publicaron las guías de la OMS proponiendo algunos cambios en el tratamiento de la TB sensible, el principal de ellos es una reducción de 6 a 4 meses en la TB sensible no grave en niños entre 3 meses y 16 años.


The update of the Chilean Tuberculosis Guidelines (PROCET) was recently published. Regarding the treatment of drug susceptible Tuberculosis (TB) in children, the regimen depends on the clinical situation of the patient, but the duration is 6 months in all types of TB, except for some special situations such as meningitis or co-infection with HIV. Subsequently, the WHO guidelines were published, proposing some changes in the treatment of drug susceptible TB, the main one being a reduction from 6 to 4 months in non-severe TB without evidence of drug resistance, in children between 3 months and 16 years.


Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Tuberculosis/drug therapy , Guidelines as Topic , World Health Organization , Chile , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/drug therapy , Time-to-Treatment
5.
Journal of Zhejiang University. Medical sciences ; (6): 657-668, 2023.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-971083

ABSTRACT

Tuberculosis (TB) is an ancient infectious disease. Before the availability of effective drug therapy, it had high morbidity and mortality. In the past 100 years, the discovery of revolutionary anti-TB drugs such as streptomycin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ethambutol and rifampicin, along with drug combination treatment, has greatly improved TB control globally. As anti-TB drugs were widely used, multidrug-resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis emerged due to acquired genetic mutations, and this now presents a major problem for effective treatment. Genes associated with drug resistance have been identified, including katG mutations in isoniazid resistance, rpoB mutations in rifampin resistance, pncA mutations in pyrazinamide resistance, and gyrA mutations in quinolone resistance. The major mechanisms of drug resistance include loss of enzyme activity in prodrug activation, drug target alteration, overexpression of drug target, and overexpression of the efflux pump. During the disease process, Mycobacterium tuberculosis may reside in different microenvironments where it is expose to acidic pH, low oxygen, reactive oxygen species and anti-TB drugs, which can facilitate the development of non-replicating persisters and promote bacterial survival. The mechanisms of persister formation may include toxin-antitoxin (TA) modules, DNA protection and repair, protein degradation such as trans-translation, efflux, and altered metabolism. In recent years, the use of new anti-TB drugs, repurposed drugs, and their drug combinations has greatly improved treatment outcomes in patients with both drug-susceptible TB and MDR/XDR-TB. The importance of developing more effective drugs targeting persisters of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is emphasized. In addition, host-directed therapeutics using both conventional drugs and herbal medicines for more effective TB treatment should also be explored. In this article, we review historical aspects of the research on anti-TB drugs and discuss the current understanding and treatments of drug resistant and persistent tuberculosis to inform future therapeutic development.


Subject(s)
Humans , Pyrazinamide/therapeutic use , Isoniazid/therapeutic use , Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/microbiology , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics , Tuberculosis/drug therapy , Rifampin/therapeutic use , Mutation , Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/genetics
6.
Chinese Journal of Epidemiology ; (12): 470-476, 2023.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-969930

ABSTRACT

Tuberculosis (TB) prophylactic therapy for latent infection, which can reduce the risk for the development of active TB, is an important measure in TB control. China recommends prophylactic therapy for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in some key populations to reduce the risk for TB. Contacts of patients with multi-drug and rifampicin-resistant TB (MDR/RR-TB) are at high risk for the infection with drug-resistant pathogen, however, no unified prophylactic therapy regimen has been recommended for LTBI due to exposure to MDR/RR-TB patients. This paper summarizes the current MDR/RR-TB prophylactic therapy regimen and its protection effect based on the results of the retrieval of literature, guidelines, expert consensus and technical specifications to provide reference for the prevention and control of LTBI.


Subject(s)
Humans , Rifampin/therapeutic use , Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant/prevention & control , Tuberculosis/drug therapy , Latent Tuberculosis/chemically induced , China , Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use
7.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1417514

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Conhecer a percepção de pessoas em situação de rua em relação ao tratamento da tuberculose. Métodos: Estudo qualitativo, com base na história oral temática. Foram entrevistadas 24 pessoas em situação de rua no município de São Paulo, em tratamento da tuberculose e vinculados a duas Unidades Básicas de Saúde, no período de junho a julho de 2018. Resultados: Emergiram três categorias: A situação de rua como desafio para o enfrentamento da tuberculose; o impacto do tratamento na vida dos usuários; as potencialidades e os limites dos serviços de saúde no apoio ao tratamento. Os participantes destacaram que o fato de viver em situação de rua impacta no tratamento da tuberculose, pois as medidas de isolamento e monitoramento são menos efetivas. Em contrapartida, a possibilidade de cura e a relação estabelecida com os profissionais de saúde foram fundamentais para a adesão ao tratamento. Considerações finais: A tuberculose na população de rua deve ser compreendida na perspectiva da determinação social do processo saúde-adoecimento. Por outra parte, desafios inerentes aos esquemas terapêuticos, condições de vida na rua, vulnerabilidades individuais, coletivas e programáticas dos serviços e políticas públicas que precisam ser considerados na construção das estratégias de cuidado. (AU)


Objective: To understand homeless people's perception in relation to the treatment of tuberculosis. Methods: A qualitative study based on thematic oral history. Twenty-four homeless individuals from the city of São Paulo undergoing treatment for tuberculosis and linked to two Basic Health Units were interviewed from June to July 2018. Results: Three catego-ries emerged: Homelessness as a challenge to coping with tuberculosis; The impact of treatment on users' lives; and The potential and limits of health services in supporting the tuberculosis treatment. The participants highlighted that the fact of living on the streets exerts impacts on their treatment, as isolation and monitoring measures are less effective. On the other hand, the possibility of cure and the relationship established with health professionals were fundamental for adherence to the treatment. Final considerations: Tuberculosis in the street population must be understood from the perspective of the social determination of the health-disease process. Added to the challenges inherent to the treat-ment of tuberculosis, life conditions on the street, as well as individual, collective and programmatic vulnerabilities of the services and public policies need to be considered in the care strategies. (AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Middle Aged , Social Conditions , Tuberculosis/drug therapy , Ill-Housed Persons , Treatment Adherence and Compliance
8.
Arq. ciências saúde UNIPAR ; 26(3)set-dez. 2022.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1414501

ABSTRACT

tuberculose é uma das doenças infectocontagiosas de maior importância no Brasil e no mundo. Afeta de forma importante populações em situação de vulnerabilidade social e econômica. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um levantamento do número de casos notificados de tuberculose no Brasil nos últimos 10 anos (2011 a 2021), avaliar os fatores que afetam a transmissão, bem como discutir o tratamento padrão e com fitoterápicos. O levantamento epidemiológico dos casos de tuberculose no Brasil de janeiro de 2011 a dezembro de 2021 foi realizado dentre os notificados pelo Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). Os resultados indicaram um aumento linear de casos a partir de 2017 com 90.776 casos diagnosticados, em 2018 (94.720) e 2019 (96.655). Acredita-se que o aumento linear da tuberculose neste período pode estar relacionado principalmente com o aumento da pobreza, contudo o compartilhamento de utensílios durante o uso de narguilé podem representar fatores de risco para tuberculose. Seis plantas medicinais afetam diretamente as micobactérias (Chenopodium ambrosioides, Tetradenia riparia, Physalis angulata, Origanum vulgare, Eucalyptus globulus, Mikania glomerata) e cinco plantas com atividade antibacteriana auxiliam no trato respiratório (Nasturtium officinale, Allium sativum, Schinus terebinthifolius, Adiantum capillus-veneris, Allium cepa). Contudo, a tuberculose é uma doença reemergente sendo necessária a adoção de políticas públicas que intensifiquem e implementem medidas sócio-educativas para a implantação do uso de fitoterápicos como medida complementar.


Tuberculosis is one of the most important infectious diseases in Brazil and worldwide. It significantly affects populations in situations of social and economic vulnerability. This study aimed to survey the number of reported tuberculosis cases in Brazil in the last 10 years (2011 to 2021) to assess the factors that affect the transmission and discuss standard and herbal treatments. The epidemiological survey of tuberculosis cases in Brazil from January 2011 to December 2021 was carried out among those notified by the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN). The results indicated a linear increase in cases from 2017, with 90,776 diagnosed cases, in 2018 (94,720) and 2019 (96,655). It is believed that the linear increase in tuberculosis in this period may be mainly related to the increase in poverty. However, the sharing of utensils during the use of hookah may represent risk factors for tuberculosis. Six medicinal plants directly affect mycobacteria (Chenopodium ambrosioides, Tetradenia riparia, Physalis angulata, Origanum vulgare, Eucalyptus globulus, Mikania glomerata), and five plants with antibacterial activity help in the respiratory tract (Nasturtium officinale, Allium sativum, Schinus terebinthifolius, Adiantum capillus-veneris, Allium cepa). However, tuberculosis is a re-emerging disease, and it is necessary to adopt public policies that intensify and implement socio-educational measures for using herbal medicines as a complementary measure.


La tuberculosis es una de las enfermedades infecciosas más importantes en Brasil y en el mundo. Afecta significativamente a las poblaciones en situación de vulnerabilidad social y económica. El objetivo de este estudio fue realizar una encuesta sobre el número de casos notificados de tuberculosis en Brasil en los últimos 10 años (2011 a 2021), para evaluar los factores que afectan a la transmisión, así como para discutir el tratamiento estándar y con fitoterapias. La encuesta epidemiológica de los casos de tuberculosis en Brasil desde enero de 2011 hasta diciembre de 2021 se realizó entre los notificados por el Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação (SINAN). Los resultados indicaron un aumento lineal de casos desde 2017 con 90.776 casos diagnosticados, en 2018 (94.720) y 2019 (96.655). Se cree que el aumento lineal de la tuberculosis en este periodo puede estar relacionado principalmente con el aumento de la pobreza, aunque el hecho de compartir los utensilios durante el uso de la shisha puede representar factores de riesgo para la tuberculosis. Seis plantas medicinales afectan directamente a las micobacterias (Chenopodium ambrosioides, Tetradenia riparia, Physalis angulata, Origanum vulgare, Eucalyptus globulus, Mikania glomerata) y cinco plantas con actividad antibacteriana ayudan a las vías respiratorias (Nasturtium officinale, Allium sativum, Schinus terebinthifolius, Adiantum capillus-veneris, Allium cepa). Sin embargo, la tuberculosis es una enfermedad reemergente siendo necesaria la adopción de políticas públicas que intensifiquen e implementen medidas socioeducativas para la implementación del uso de fitoterápicos como medida complementaria.


Subject(s)
Tuberculosis/prevention & control , Tuberculosis/drug therapy , Tuberculosis/epidemiology , Epidemiology/statistics & numerical data , Communicable Diseases/drug therapy , Chenopodium ambrosioides , Phytotherapy , Mycobacterium
9.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Clín. Méd ; 20(2): 113-115, 2022.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1428753

ABSTRACT

A doença de Crohn é uma patologia caracterizada pela inflamação transmural do trato gastrointestinal, compondo o espectro das doenças inflamatórias intestinais. Nos casos mais graves, dispõe de tratamento com uso de agentes biológicos e imunomoduladores que podem à reativação ou exacerbação de doenças infecciosas preexistentes. Este relato de caso trata de uma paciente do sexo feminino de 24 anos, diagnosticada com Doença de Crohn há 10 anos, evoluindo com necessidade de tratamento com infliximab e, após período de menos de 1 ano, apresentou odinofagia progressiva, dor abdominal e diarreia, além de perda ponderal, sudorese noturna e febre diária. Tomografia computadorizada de tórax evidenciou árvore em brotamento, sendo confirmado diagnóstico de tuberculose pulmonar pelo Teste Rápido Molecular no escarro e provável tuberculose laríngea e intestinal.


Crohn's disease is a pathology characterized by transmural inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, comprising the spectrum of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. In the most severe cases, treatment using biological agents and immunomodulators may be available, which can lead to the reactivation or exacerbation of preexisting infectious diseases. This case report is about a 24-year-old female patient, diagnosed with Crohn's disease 10 years ago, evolving in need of treatment with Infliximab and, after a period of less than 1 year, she presented progressive odynophagia, abdominal pain and diarrhea, in addition to weight loss, night sweats and daily fever. Chest computer tomography showed a tree in bud, and the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis was confirmed by the Rapid Molecular Test in the sputum and probable laryngeal and intestinal tuberculosis.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Young Adult , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/chemically induced , Gastrointestinal Agents/adverse effects , Crohn Disease/drug therapy , Infliximab/adverse effects , Sputum/microbiology , Tuberculosis/drug therapy , Tuberculosis, Pulmonary/diagnosis , Molecular Diagnostic Techniques , Ethambutol/therapeutic use , Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use
10.
Arch. pediatr. Urug ; 93(nspe1): e210, 2022. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, UY-BNMED, BNUY | ID: biblio-1393870

ABSTRACT

Introducción: la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS) alertó sobre el riesgo de descuidar acciones de control de la tuberculosis (TB) durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Objetivos: describir la situación de la TB en menores de 15 años en Uruguay en 2020, y compararla con 2019. Describir estrategias del Programa Nacional de Tuberculosis (PNT) para mitigar el impacto de la pandemia de COVID-19. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo de menores de 15 años con TB en Uruguay entre 1/1/2020 y 31/12/2020. Datos patronímicos, diagnóstico clínico y bacteriológico, tratamiento y estudio de contactos; indicadores epidemiológicos de 2019. Se calculó tasa de incidencia, frecuencias y porcentajes. Se seleccionaron estrategias del PNT dirigidas o que impactan directamente en la atención pediátrica. Resultados: en 2020, se registraron 61 casos de TB en menores de 15 años. Tasa de incidencia 8,8/100.000. Presentaron TB pediátrica 6,3% del total de casos (61/968), y en 2019 3,9% (42/1057). Formas pulmonares 84% y extrapulmonares 16%. Confirmación bacteriológica: 25%. No hubo fallecidos en 2020 y hubo uno en 2019. Contactos: en 2020 disminuyó 11% la notificación; se estudió al 86%, se indicó quimioprofilaxis al 73%. Aumento significativo de contactos en menores 15 años enfermos (2,4% 2019 y 5% 2020). Estrategias del PNT: 1) Diagnóstico: uso de GeneXpert Ultra; 2) Tratamiento: supervisión por video (VOT); 3) Contactos: se priorizó a menores de 15 años adecuando protocolo de estudio. Conclusiones: en 2020 se mantuvieron las acciones de control de la TB en la población pediátrica. Aumentó la incidencia de TB en menores de 15 años. Los niños y adolescentes fueron priorizados en el diagnóstico (técnicas más sensibles) y estudio de contactos.


Summary: Introduction: the WHO warned about the risk of neglecting tuberculosis (TB) control actions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Objectives: describe the TB situation in children <15 years of age in Uruguay in 2020, and compare it with 2019. Describe strategies of the National Tuberculosis Program (NTP) to mitigate the impact of the COVID 19 pandemic. Material and methods: descriptive, retrospective study of children <15 years of age with TB in Uruguay 1/1/2020 - 12/31/2020. Patronymic data, clinical and bacteriological diagnosis, treatment and study of contacts; epidemiological indicators of 2019. Incidence rate, frequency and percentages were calculated. NTP strategies aimed at or directly impacting pediatric care were selected. Results: in 2020, 61 cases of TB in children < 15 years. Incidence rate 8.8/100,000. Pediatric TB 6.3% of total cases (61/968), and in 2019 3.9% (42/1057). Pulmonary forms 84% and extrapulmonary 16%. Bacteriological confirmation: 25%. No deaths in 2020 and 1 in 2019. Contacts: in 2020 the notification decreased by 11%; 86% were studied, 73% chemoprophylaxis. Significant increase in infected contacts < 15(2.4% 2019 and 5% 2020). NTP strategies: 1- Diagnosis: use of GeneXpert Ultra; 2- Treatment: video surveillance (VOT); 3- Contacts: children of <15 years were prioritized, adapting the study protocol. Conclusions: in 2020, the TB control actions were maintained in the pediatric population. The incidence of TB increased in children <15 years of age. Children and adolescents were prioritized in diagnosis (more sensitive techniques) and contact studies.


Introdução: a OMS alertou sobre o risco de negligenciar as ações de controle da tuberculose (TB) durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Objetivos: descrever a situação da TB em <15 anos no Uruguai 2020 e comparar com 2019. Descrever as estratégias do Programa Nacional de Tuberculose (PNT) para mitigar o impacto da pandemia de COVID-19. Metodologia: estudo descritivo retrospectivo de <15 anos com TB no Uruguai 01/01/2020 - 31/12/2020. Dados patronímicos, diagnóstico clínico e bacteriológico, tratamento e estudo de contatos; indicadores epidemiológicos de 2019. Calculou-se a taxa de incidência, frequência e percentuais. Estratégias de PNT destinadas ou impactando diretamente os cuidados pediátricos foram selecionadas Resultados: em 2020, 61 casos de TB em crianças <15 anos. Taxa de incidência 8,8/100.000. TB pediátrica 6,3% do total de casos (61/968), e em 2019 3,9% (42/1057). Formas pulmonares 84% e extrapulmonares 16%. Confirmação bacteriológica: 25%. Não houve falecidos em 2020 e 1 em 2019. Contatos: em 2020 a notificação diminuiu 11%; 86% foram estudados, 73% quimioprofilaxia. Aumento significativo de contatos infetados < 15 pacientes (2,4% 2019 e 5% 2020). Estratégias de NTP: 1- Diagnóstico: uso do GeneXpert Ultra; 2- Tratamento: supervisão por vídeo (VOT); 3- Contatos: <15 anos foram priorizados, adaptando o protocolo do estudo. Conclusões: em 2020, as ações de controle da TB foram mantidas na população pediátrica. A incidência de TB aumentou em <15 anos. Crianças e adolescentes foram priorizados no diagnóstico (técnicas mais sensíveis) e no estudo de contatos.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Tuberculosis/epidemiology , Pandemics , COVID-19/epidemiology , Tuberculosis/diagnosis , Tuberculosis/drug therapy , Uruguay/epidemiology , Incidence , Retrospective Studies , Age and Sex Distribution
11.
Chinese Journal of Hepatology ; (12): 113-116, 2022.
Article in Chinese | WPRIM | ID: wpr-935920

ABSTRACT

Clinically, patients with tuberculosis (TB) combined with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection often require simultaneous treatment. Consequently, when anti-HCV and TB drugs are used in combination drug-drug interactions (DDIs), anti-TB drug-induced hepatotoxicity, and liver disease states need to be considered. This paper focuses on discussing the metabolic mechanisms of commonly used anti-TB and HCV drugs and the selection options of combined drugs, so as to provide rational drug use for TB patients combined with HCV infection.


Subject(s)
Humans , Chemical and Drug Induced Liver Injury , Coinfection/drug therapy , Hepacivirus , Hepatitis C/drug therapy , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Tuberculosis/drug therapy
12.
Chinese Medical Journal ; (24): 409-415, 2022.
Article in English | WPRIM | ID: wpr-927547

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND@#Concerns exist regarding the potential development of tuberculosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treated with biological and targeted drugs. We assessed systematically whether biological therapy increased the risk of tuberculosis in patients with RA by meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).@*METHODS@#A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and China Biology Medicine disc for RCTs evaluating biological therapy in patients with RA from inception through August 2021. Traditional meta-analysis and network meta-analysis were performed to compare the risk of tuberculosis for each biologics class in patients with RA. Peto odds ratio (Peto OR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated as the primary effect measure.@*RESULTS@#In total, 39 studies with 20,354 patients were included in this meta-analysis, and 82 patients developed tuberculosis. The risk of tuberculosis was increased in patients treated with biologics compared with non-biologics (Peto OR: 3.86, 95% CI: 2.36-6.32, P < 0.001). Also, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) inhibitors had a higher probability of developing tuberculosis than placebo (Peto OR: 3.98, 95% CI: 2.30-6.88, P < 0.001). However, network meta-analysis demonstrated that there was no significant difference in the risk of tuberculosis for each biologics class in patients with RA. Noticeably, tuberculosis was significantly more common in patients treated with a high dose compared with patients receiving a low dose of tofacitinib (Peto OR: 7.39, 95% CI: 2.00-27.31, P = 0.003).@*CONCLUSION@#This meta-analysis demonstrates the evidence of an elevated risk of tuberculosis in patients with RA treated with TNF-α inhibitors, and a dose-dependent elevated risk of tuberculosis in patients treated with tofacitinib.


Subject(s)
Humans , Antirheumatic Agents/adverse effects , Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy , Network Meta-Analysis , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Tuberculosis/drug therapy
13.
Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. (Online) ; 58: e20422, 2022. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1403684

ABSTRACT

Abstract The bidirectional relationship between tuberculosis (TB) and diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major concern for medical professionals and epidemiologists as DM affects the severity, progress and outcome of TB and vice versa. Patients affected with TB have a higher rate of morbidity, treatment failure and mortality. Likewise, DM triples the risk of contracting TB and therefore poses a threat to the progress made in the reduction of TB incidence. Hence, it is pivotal to address both the diseases keeping in mind the each other. It is known that adjunct therapy with immunomodulatory drugs can enhance TB immunity among diabetic patients. Metformin, a commonly used anti-diabetic drug with adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation property, has shown the capacity to reduce the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis within the cell. This drug inhibits the mitochondrial complex and possesses anti-inflammatory action. Therefore, Metformin can be considered as an ideal molecule for host-directed or host-targeted therapy for TB.


Subject(s)
Protein Kinases/adverse effects , Tuberculosis/prevention & control , Tuberculosis/drug therapy , Patients/classification , Pharmaceutical Preparations/administration & dosage , Diabetes Mellitus/prevention & control , Diabetes Mellitus/drug therapy , Metformin/supply & distribution
14.
Rev. saúde pública (Online) ; 56: 1-12, 2022. tab, graf
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS, BBO | ID: biblio-1377232

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Analyze, systematize, and compile social, individual, and programmatic vulnerability factors associated with tuberculosis and HIV in homeless persons. METHODS This is a systematic literature review assessing quantitative studies, published between 2014 and 2020, on the prevalence of tuberculosis in homeless persons. Our review grouped studies according to vulnerabilities, followed the PRISMA recommendation guide, and used the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tool for bias analysis. RESULTS Of the 372 publications found, 16 were selected according to our eligibility criteria. In total, 10 studies assessed tuberculosis and HIV. The most commonly described factors for individual, social, and programmatic vulnerability were drug use, HIV coinfection, and tuberculosis treatment failure, respectively. The literature also claims that average homelessness length related to a higher frequency of tuberculosis and latent tuberculosis infection. CONCLUSION All reviewed studies described how homeless persons suffer with stigma and dehumanization, which are important barriers to their access to health services. Homelessness enhances the risks of chronic and infectious diseases and prioritizes issues which are more pragmatic for the maintenance of life, such as safety and food, to the detriment of health. The results can be used to support hypotheses for future research and to reinforce and direct existing public health and social policies to cope with tuberculosis and HIV in homeless persons.


RESUMO OBJETIVO Analisar, sistematizar e compilar os fatores de vulnerabilidade (social, individual e programática) associados à tuberculose e HIV em pessoas em situação de rua. MÉTODOS Revisão sistemática de literatura de publicações quantitativas sobre tuberculose em pessoas em situação de rua entre os anos de 2014 e 2020, seguindo o guia de recomendações PRISMA e, para análise de viés, a ferramenta Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal. Agrupou-se as publicações segundo as vulnerabilidades. RESULTADOS Entre 372 publicações encontradas, selecionaram-se 16 segundo os critérios de elegibilidade. Em 10 estudos, foi descrita ocorrência de tuberculose e HIV. Os fatores de vulnerabilidade individual, social e programática mais descritas foram uso de drogas, coinfecção com HIV e falha no tratamento da tuberculose, respectivamente. A média de tempo em situação de rua também se mostrou relacionada à maior frequência de tuberculose e da infecção latente da tuberculose segundo literatura. CONCLUSÃO O estigma e a desumanização associados às pessoas em situação de rua foram descritos em todos os estudos revisados, sendo importantes barreiras no acesso aos serviços de saúde. A vivência na rua potencializa os riscos para a ocorrência de doenças crônicas e infecciosas, bem como a priorização de questões mais pragmáticas à manutenção da vida, como segurança e alimentação, em detrimento à saúde. Os resultados encontrados podem ser utilizados para embasar hipóteses para futuras pesquisas e para reforçar e direcionar políticas públicas de saúde e sociais já existentes para o enfrentamento da tuberculose e HIV na pessoa em situação de rua.


Subject(s)
Humans , Tuberculosis/drug therapy , Tuberculosis/epidemiology , HIV Infections/complications , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Brazil , Social Stigma
15.
Neumol. pediátr. (En línea) ; 17(3): 86-91, 2022. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1418561

ABSTRACT

La tuberculosis es la enfermedad infecciosa por un solo agente que provoca más muertes en el mundo. A la fecha, no hay un registro de casos de embarazadas con tuberculosis en el mundo ni en Chile, y menos de los casos de tuberculosis congénita. El diagnóstico en ambas situaciones suele ser tardío y con malos resultados clínicos. Se presenta una revisión de la literatura con relación a tuberculosis perinatal y dos casos clínicos de los binomios madre e hijo afectados.


Tuberculosis is the single agent infectious disease that causes the most deaths in the world. To date, there is no record of pregnant women with tuberculosis in the world or in Chile, even less of congenital tuberculosis. Diagnosis in both situations is usually late and with poor clinical results. A literature review is presented in relation to perinatal tuberculosis and two clinical cases of affected mother and child binomials.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pregnancy , Adult , Tuberculosis/congenital , Tuberculosis/diagnosis , Tuberculosis/drug therapy , Radiography, Thoracic , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Maternal Exposure , Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical , Antitubercular Agents/therapeutic use
16.
Acta Paul. Enferm. (Online) ; 35: eAPE03661, 2022. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BDENF | ID: biblio-1364242

ABSTRACT

Resumo Objetivo Analisar aspectos relacionados à adesão ao tratamento da tuberculose em pessoas que vivem com coinfecção tuberculose/vírus da imunodeficiência humana. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo exploratório, do tipo descritivo, com abordagem qualitativa sobre a adesão ao tratamento da tuberculose entre pessoas que apresentam a coinfecção tuberculose/vírus da imunodeficiência humana. O cenário do estudo foi um centro de referência para vírus da imunodeficiência humana/síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida do estado de São Paulo, localizado na capital. O instrumento de coleta de dados continha questões relacionadas ao perfil sóciodemográfico e de saúde. Para a análise do material empírico foi utilizado o método de análise de discurso que permitiu a depreensão de frases temáticas. Resultados Foram entrevistadas 16 pessoas, sendo a maioria do sexo masculino, da cor parda, na faixa etária entre 30 a 39 anos, com 9 a 12 anos de estudo, que moravam sozinhos, solteiros e que se declararam homossexuais. Da análise dos depoimentos emergiram três categorias de análise: Processo saúde doença: o impacto do diagnóstico e os significados de viver a coinfecção; Tratamento medicamentoso: motivos para o seguimento, facilidades e dificuldades envolvidas; e Cuidado no serviço de saúde: acolhimento e redes de apoio que favorecem a adesão ao tratamento. Conclusão A adesão ao tratamento na coinfecção tuberculose/vírus da imunodeficiência humana mostrou-se relacionada à forma como a pessoa está inserida na sociedade, suas condições de vida e trabalho. Ressalta-se também que o cuidado nos serviços de saúde interfere na adesão, dada a importância do vínculo entre o profissional de saúde e o usuário.


Resumen Objetivo Analizar los aspectos relacionados con la adherencia al tratamiento de tuberculosis en personas que viven con la coinfección tuberculosis/virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. Métodos Se trata de un estudio exploratorio, tipo descriptivo, con enfoque cualitativo, sobre la adherencia al tratamiento de tuberculosis en personas que presentan la coinfección tuberculosis/virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. El escenario de estudio fue un centro de referencia del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana/síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida del estado de São Paulo, ubicado en la capital. El instrumento de recopilación de datos contenía preguntas relacionadas con el perfil sociodemográfico y de salud. Para analizar el material empírico se utilizó el método de análisis de discurso que permitió extraer frases temáticas. Resultados Se entrevistaron 16 personas, de las cuales la mayoría era de sexo masculino, de color pardo, del grupo de edad entre 30 y 39 años, con 9 a 12 años de estudios, que vivían solos, solteros y que se declararon homosexuales. Del análisis de los relatos surgieron tres categorías de análisis: Proceso de salud y enfermedad: el impacto del diagnóstico y los significados de vivir la coinfección; Tratamiento farmacológico: motivos para el acompañamiento, facilidades y dificultades relacionadas, y Cuidado en el servicio sanitario: contención y redes de apoyo que favorecen la adherencia al tratamiento. Conclusión La adherencia al tratamiento de la coinfección tuberculosis/virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana demostró estar relacionada con la forma como la persona está insertada en la sociedad, su condición de vida y trabajo. También se observó que el cuidado en los servicios de salud interfiere en la adherencia, debido a la importancia del vínculo entre los profesionales de la salud y los usuarios.


Abstract Objective To analyze aspects related to adherence to tuberculosis treatment in people living with tuberculosis/human immunodeficiency virus coinfection. Methods This is an exploratory, descriptive, qualitative study on adherence to tuberculosis treatment among people with tuberculosis/human immunodeficiency virus coinfection. The study setting was a reference center for human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome located in the capital of the state of São Paulo. The data collection instrument contained socio-demographic and health profile related questions. The discourse analysis method was used for the analysis of the empirical material, which allowed the comprehension of thematic phrases. Results Sixteen people were interviewed. Most were male, mixed race, in the age group of 30-39 years, with 9-12 years of study, living alone, single and declared themselves homosexuals. Three categories of analysis emerged from the analysis of testimonies: Health-disease process: the impact of the diagnosis and the meanings of living with coinfection; Drug treatment: reasons for follow-up, facilities and difficulties involved; and Care in the health service: embracement and support networks that favor treatment adherence. Conclusion Adherence to treatment in the tuberculosis/human immunodeficiency virus coinfection has shown a relation to the way people are inserted in society, their living and working conditions. The fact that care in health services interferes with adherence is also noteworthy, given the importance of the bond between the health professional and the user.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Perception , Tuberculosis/drug therapy , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , Coinfection , Treatment Adherence and Compliance , Quality of Life , Health-Disease Process , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Interviews as Topic , Evaluation Studies as Topic
18.
Más Vita ; 3(4): 26-32, dic. 2021. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS, LIVECS | ID: biblio-1354619

ABSTRACT

La tuberculosis es una enfermedad infecciosa granulomatosa crónica causada por bacilo de Koch o Mycobacterium tuberculosis. La problemática que se evalúa en este estudio es que los factores socioeconómicos influyen en el abandono del tratamiento en los pacientes, así también los pacientes abandonan el tratamiento debido a los efectos secundarios que provoca el mismo, y el paciente no tiene un seguimiento adecuado por parte del personal de salud. Objetivo: Determinar los factores de riesgo que inciden en el abandono del tratamiento antituberculoso en los pacientes que acuden a los Subcentros de salud en la ciudad de Milagro. Materiales y métodos: Encuesta realizada a los pacientes que abandonaron el tratamiento antituberculoso. Los métodos utilizados fueron el analítico ­ sintético y los métodos empíricos. Bajo esta perspectiva se utilizó un paradigma de la investigación cuantitativo, de tipo descriptiva y de corte transversal. La población objeto de estudio fue conformada por los pacientes que abandonaron el tratamiento antituberculoso en los Subcentro de la Ciudad de Milagro, con un total de población estudiada de 60 personas. Resultados: En el análisis se evidencio los factores socioeconómicos relacionados con el abandono del tratamiento de los pacientes tuberculosos, se identificó los factores de riesgo que influyen en el abandono del tratamiento y se estableció cuáles son las estrategias que debe aplicar el profesional de enfermería para prevenir el abandono del tratamiento. Conclusión: El abandono del tratamiento antituberculoso está asociada a la atención que reciben los pacientes en los Subcentro, así como que los pacientes consideran de larga duración el tratamiento(AU)


La tuberculosis es una enfermedad infecciosa granulomatosa crónica causada por bacilo de Koch o Mycobacterium tuberculosis. La problemática que se evalúa en este estudio es que los factores socioeconómicos influyen en el abandono del tratamiento en los pacientes, así también los pacientes abandonan el tratamiento debido a los efectos secundarios que provoca el mismo, y el paciente no tiene un seguimiento adecuado por parte del personal de salud. Objetivo: Determinar los factores de riesgo que inciden en el abandono del tratamiento antituberculoso en los pacientes que acuden a los Subcentros de salud en la ciudad de Milagro. Materiales y métodos: Encuesta realizada a los pacientes que abandonaron el tratamiento antituberculoso. Los métodos utilizados fueron el analítico ­ sintético y los métodos empíricos. Bajo esta perspectiva se utilizó un paradigma de la investigación cuantitativo, de tipo descriptiva y de corte transversal. La población objeto de estudio fue conformada por los pacientes que abandonaron el tratamiento antituberculoso en los Subcentro de la Ciudad de Milagro, con un total de población estudiada de 60 personas. Resultados: En el análisis se evidencio los factores socioeconómicos relacionados con el abandono del tratamiento de los pacientes tuberculosos, se identificó los factores de riesgo que influyen en el abandono del tratamiento y se estableció cuáles son las estrategias que debe aplicar el profesional de enfermería para prevenir el abandono del tratamiento. Conclusión: El abandono del tratamiento antituberculoso está asociada a la atención que reciben los pacientes en los Subcentro, así como que los pacientes consideran de larga duración el tratamiento(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Therapeutics , Tuberculosis/drug therapy , Communicable Diseases/drug therapy , Risk Factors , Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Socioeconomic Factors , Treatment Refusal , Health Strategies , Health Personnel
20.
Ciênc. Saúde Colet. (Impr.) ; 26(10): 4749-4759, out. 2021. tab, graf
Article in English, Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1345693

ABSTRACT

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a associação entre estar privado de liberdade ou em situação de rua e o insucesso no desfecho dos casos de tuberculose diagnosticados no Brasil em 2015. Foram estudados casos de tuberculose na população privada de liberdade e em situação de rua do Brasil em 2015, por análise descritiva e regressão logística baseado no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação. Em 2015 notificou-se 82.056 casos de tuberculose, destes 7.462 (10,3%) estavam privados de liberdade e 2.782 (3,9%) em situação de rua. A proporção de sucesso no desfecho dos casos na população privada de liberdade foi de 78,6%, enquanto na população em situação de rua, a proporção de insucesso foi 63,2%. Estar privado de liberdade mostrou-se protetor para o insucesso no desfecho dos casos (Razão de Chances ajustada 0,68, IC95% 0,63-0,73), enquanto estar em situação de rua mostrou-se um fator de risco para o insucesso (Razão de Chances ajustada 2,38, IC95% 2,17-2,61). O desfecho dos casos de tuberculose se diferencia entre as populações privada de liberdade e em situação de rua, fazendo-se necessário a implantação de políticas públicas de saúde que considerem suas especificidades e seja articulada com órgãos sociais e segurança a fim de que impacte nos indicadores da doença.


Abstract This article aims to assess the association between being a prisoner or homeless and treatment failure in cases of tuberculosis diagnosed in Brazil in 2015. We examined cases of tuberculosis in prisoners and the homeless in Brazil in 2015 reported to the national notifiable diseases information system using descriptive analysis and logistic regression. There were 82,056 cases of tuberculosis in 2015. Of these, 7,462 (10.3%) were prisoners and 2,782 (3.9%) were homeless. The rate of treatment success in prisoners was 78.6%, while the rate of failure in the homeless was 63.2%. Being a prisoner was a protective factor against treatment failure (adjusted odds ratio 0.68, 95%CI 0.63-0.73), while being homeless was a risk factor for treatment failure (adjusted odds ratio 2.38, 95%CI 2.17-2.61). Treatment success and failure rates differed between prisoners and the homeless. Our findings reinforce the need for public health policies tailored to the specific needs of these groups implemented in conjunction with social services and public security agencies in order to have a significant impact on TB incidence.


Subject(s)
Humans , Prisoners , Tuberculosis/drug therapy , Tuberculosis/epidemiology , Ill-Housed Persons , Brazil/epidemiology , Treatment Outcome , Vulnerable Populations
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